Particles of Thought

• Sinkholes in Florida Reveal Amazing Fossils | Kirk Johnson

  A sinkhole can become a time capsule full of skeletons - layers upon layers of beasts that once walked the Earth - and Florida’s landscape is full of them. Discover the surprising science of how Florida’s sinkholes form, what they really are, and what can be found inside them. Come along with Dr. Kirk Johnson, Sant Director of the Smithsonian Institution National Museum of Natural History, as he describes what he calls "the best sinkhole experienceFor more, check out the extended interview with Kirk Johnson.Learn more about NOVA and subscribe to our YouTube channel. 

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• How to Detect Deepfakes: Recognizing AI-Generated Content | Hany Farid

  In a world flooded with fake videos and voice recordings that seem real, how can you detect deepfakes? Turns out, there are some aspects of the physical world that are not yet known to artificial intelligence - and those gaps are the key. Expert Hany Farid reveals techniques that can be used to detect AI-generated media.For more, check out the extended interview with Hany Farid. Learn more about NOVA and subscribe to our YouTube channel. 

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• Extended Interview: Extremophiles, the Deep Sea, and Alien Life with Peter Girguis

  What do deep-sea microbes and Martian “leopard spots” have in common? Marine biologist Peter Girguis thinks they might both hold clues to finding life beyond Earth. In this episode, he joins Hakeem for a journey from the ocean floor to outer space, sharing stories from his dives aboard the Alvin submersible and exploring how Earth’s most extreme lifeforms could help us find the first ETs. Along the way, he explains how Earth is truly a microbial planet — teeming with enough microbes to stretch across the galaxy –  reshaping how we think about life, both here and out there. Learn more about NOVA and subscribe to our YouTube channel. —————————Guest Bio: Peter Girguis is a professor of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology at Harvard University. His research focuses on marine organisms, and how they adapt to extreme environments. He also works on developing novel technologies like deep sea autonomous laboratories and microbial fuel cells. Girguis appears in NOVA’s Ancient Earth seriesTimestamps(00:00:00) Microbes Rule the Planet(00:13:45) Deep Ocean Exploration(00:36:30) Signs of Life on Mars(00:54:18) Other Life in Outer Space(01:01:23) Two Truths and a Lie: Science Headlines(01:07:00) The Future of Working With Microbes(01:11:22) Credits

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• Extended Interview: Bird Song and the Evolution of Language with Erich Jarvis

  Talking, singing, even dancing — they all trace back to a rare superpower: vocal learning. But humans aren’t the only animals that have it. Neuroscientist Erich Jarvis has spent his career decoding the mysterious ability to imitate sounds, a key ingredient in spoken language. In this episode, he joins Hakeem to explore why only a handful of species — like parrots, dolphins, and bats — can do it, how it evolved, and what it reveals about the brain, consciousness, and culture. Plus, Erich shares how AI is helping decode animal communication  and why engineering our pets to talk might actually be possible… but could fundamentally change the way they think. Learn more about NOVA and subscribe to our YouTube channel. —————————Guest Bio:Erich Jarvis is a neuroscientist investigating the mysteries of speech and vocal learning through groundbreaking research on birdsong and brain evolution. As a professor at The Rockefeller University and head of the Jarvis Lab, he explores how complex behaviors like human language arise from brain circuits and genetic pathways. Jarvis was also profiled in NOVA Wonders: What are Animals Saying.Timestamps(00:00:00) Language in Animals vs. Humans(00:10:37) Music and Vocal Learning(00:20:15) Can You Genetically Engineer Animals to Speak?(00:27:48) How Did Speech Evolve?(00:36:09) Can We Translate Animal Language? (00:42:27) Brain Size and Speech(00:48:14) Writing & Symbolic Communication (00:57:00) Conclusion(01:04:02) Credits

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• Extended Interview: Neuroscience of Consciousness, Personality, and Creativity with Heather Berlin

  Your brain does all kinds of strange things — and neuroscientist Heather Berlin wants to explain how it works. In this episode, she joins Hakeem to explore the mysteries of the mind: how consciousness works, how your brain constructs reality, and how you might be able to hack it to live a better life. They dive into the effects of psychedelics and meditation, and explore the future of thought in a world shaped by AI. This episode is no placebo – it really will expand your mind. Learn more about NOVA and subscribe to our YouTube channel. --------------------------Guest Bio:Heather Berlin is a neuroscientist, clinical psychologist, and associate clinical professor of psychiatry and neuroscience at the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai in New York. She is interested in how consciousness and creativity work within the brain and is also the host of NOVA’s "Your Brain" two-part special.Timestamps(00:00:00) What is Consciousness?(00:09:38) Perception Box(00:22:18) What's My Brain Doing? Deja Vu, Goosebumps & More(00:34:45) Cognitive Behavioral Therapy & Ketamine Treatment(00:44:55) Thoughts and Creative Flow States(00:58:02) Aversive Conditioning: Addiction, Anxiety, and Behavior(01:08:06) Fame & Fulfillment(01:18:02) The Future of Neuroscience(01:29:09) Credits

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