Mysteries and Histories

On October 13, 1972, a plane carrying a Uruguayan rugby team, relatives, and friends crashed high in the Andes while travelling to Chile. There were 45 people aboard. Those who survived the impact faced freezing temperatures, serious injuries, and almost no food, then an avalanche buried their makeshift shelter inside the wreckage, killing eight more.
With rescue no longer coming and their supplies exhausted, the survivors made an agonising decision: to eat the bodies of those who had died. They sheltered in the broken fuselage and relied on one another while two of the men, Nando Parrado and Roberto Canessa, eventually trekked across the mountains for ten days to find help.
Their journey led rescuers back to the wreckage. On December 22 and 23, the remaining survivors were airlifted to safety, ending an ordeal lasting 72 days. Sixteen people returned alive, a story of devastating loss, impossible choices, and extraordinary determination to survive.

On March 18, 1937, a massive explosion tore through a school in New London, Texas, shortly before the end of the school day. Nearly 300 people, most of them children, were killed as the building collapsed, turning an ordinary afternoon into the deadliest school disaster in U.S.
To save money, the school had switched to a nearby oil company’s residue gas supply. A faulty connection allowed odorless gas to collect beneath the building, unnoticed until a spark from an electric sanding machine ignited it. Parents and oil-field workers rushed to the wreckage, searching for children beneath the rubble.
The tragedy changed gas safety. Texas passed a law requiring a distinctive smell to be added to natural gas so people could detect leaks, a practice that became an industry standard. The familiar warning smell in gas today carries a legacy rooted in New London’s devastating loss.

In 1928, Scottish scientist Alexander Fleming noticed something strange in a contaminated Petri dish at his London laboratory: bacteria would not grow around a patch of mould. The substance responsible, which he named penicillin, would transform medicine, but discovering it was only the beginning.
More than a decade later, Howard Florey, Ernst Chain, and their Oxford colleagues, including Norman Heatley, turned Fleming’s observation into a treatment that could save lives. During the Second World War, British and American researchers and manufacturers overcame enormous production challenges to make the drug widely available.
Penicillin helped turn once-deadly bacterial infections into treatable illnesses, and Fleming, Florey, and Chain shared the 1945 Nobel Prize. Behind the famous story of an accidental discovery was a much bigger achievement: years of teamwork that brought a laboratory breakthrough to patients around the world.

On March 13, 1973, University of Iowa student Sarah Ann Ottens was found dead in her dorm room at Rienow Hall. Much of the campus had emptied for spring break, but Sarah had stayed behind. She had been brutally beaten and strangled.
Fellow student James Wendell Hall was convicted of her murder in 1974 and sentenced to 50 years in prison. But in 1983, his conviction was overturned after evidence emerged that prosecutors had withheld information that could have helped his defence.
No one else has ever been charged. More than half a century later, Sarah’s murder remains unsolved, a case marked not only by a young woman’s violent death, but by a conviction that failed to withstand scrutiny.

On June 8, 1924, British climbers George Mallory and Andrew “Sandy” Irvine disappeared into the clouds high on Mount Everest while attempting to become the first people to reach its summit. Neither returned, leaving a question that has haunted mountaineering for a century: did they reach the top before they died?
Mallory’s body was discovered in 1999, but it did not settle the mystery. Then, in September 2024, a National Geographic team found a boot containing a foot and a sock labelled “A.C. Irvine”, remains believed to belong to his missing climbing partner.
Their camera, which might hold photographs of a successful ascent, remains missing. The discoveries have brought the climbers’ final journey into sharper focus, but whether Mallory and Irvine conquered Everest remains unanswered.